SYMPTOMS

People with panic disorder have feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. They can't predict when an attack will occur, and many develop intense anxiety between episodes, worrying when and where the next one will strike. In between times there is a persistent, lingering worry that another attack could come any minute.

When a panic attack strikes, most likely your heart pounds and you may feel sweaty, weak, faint, or dizzy. Your hands may tingle or feel numb, and you might feel flushed or chilled. You may have chest pain or smothering sensations, a sense of unreality, or fear of impending doom or loss of control. You may genuinely believe you're having a heart attack or stroke, losing your mind, or on the verge of death. Attacks can occur any time, even during nondream sleep. While most attacks average a couple of minutes, occasionally they can go on for up to 10 minutes. In rare cases, they may last an hour or more.

Panic disorder strikes between 3 and 6 million Americans, and is twice as common in women as in men. It can appear at any age--in children or in the elderly--but most often it begins in young adults. Not everyone who experiences panic attacks will develop panic disorder-- for example, many people have one attack but never have another. For those who do have panic disorder, though, it's important to seek treatment. Untreated, the disorder can become very disabling.

Panic disorder is often accompanied by other conditions such as depression or alcoholism, and may spawn phobias, which can develop in places or situations where panic attacks have occurred. For example, if a panic attack strikes while you're riding an elevator, you may develop a fear of elevators and perhaps start avoiding them.

Some people's lives become greatly restricted -- they avoid normal, everyday activities such as grocery shopping, driving, or in some cases even leaving the house. Or, they may be able to confront a feared situation only if accompanied by a spouse or other trusted person. Basically, they avoid any situation they fear would make them feel helpless if a panic attack occurs. When people's lives become so restricted by the disorder, as happens in about one-third of all people with panic disorder, the condition is called agoraphobia. A tendency toward panic disorder and agoraphobia runs in families. Nevertheless, early treatment of panic disorder can often stop the progression to agoraphobia.

Specific Symptoms of Panic Disorder:

A person with panic disorder experiences recurrent unexpected Panic Attacks and at least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one or more of the following:

  • Persistent concern about having additional attacks
  • Worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences (e.g., losing control, having a heart attack, "going crazy")
  • A significant change in behavior related to the attacks

Agoraphobia may also be present but isn't required in order to diagnose panic disorder. The Panic Attacks may not be due to the direct physiological effects of use or abuse of a substance (alcohol, drugs, medications) or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).

The Panic Attacks are not better accounted for by another mental disorder, such as Social Phobia (e.g., occurring on exposure to feared social situations), Specific Phobia (e.g., on exposure to a specific phobic situation), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (e.g., on exposure to dirt in someone with an obsession about contamination), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (e.g., in response to stimuli associated with a severe stressor), or Separation Anxiety Disorder (e.g., in response to being away from home or close relatives).

General Treatment of Panic Disorder  
    References:
    American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

驚恐障礙

症狀

人們恐慌症有感情的恐怖襲擊突然反复，沒有警告。他們無法預測何時會發生的襲擊，許多發展之間的緊張焦慮發作，令人擔憂的時間和地點將在未來一罷工。在這兩者之間有一個持久化時代，揮之不去的擔心再次遭到襲擊可能出現的任何一分鐘。

當驚恐發作罷工，最有可能你的心磅，你可能會感到出汗，弱，弱，或頭暈目眩。你的手會感到刺痛或麻木，你可能會感到臉紅或冷藏。您可能胸部疼痛或窒息的感覺，一個虛幻感，或害怕即將到來的厄運或失控。你可能真的相信你有心髒病發作或中風，失去了主意，或在死亡的邊緣。攻擊可以發生在任何時間，即使在nondream睡覺。儘管大多數襲擊一對夫婦的平均分，偶爾他們可以繼續長達 10分鐘。在極少數情況下，他們可能會持續一個小時以上。

驚恐障礙罷工 300至600萬美國人，是常見的婦女的兩倍，是男性。它可以出現在任何年齡 - 在兒童或老人 - 但大多數時候，它已經開始在年輕的成年人。並不是每個人都經歷驚恐發作誰將會發展驚恐障礙 - 例如，許多人有一個打擊，但沒有第二個。對於那些誰是有恐慌症，不過，重要的是要尋求治療。不治療，這種疾病可能會變得非常禁用。

恐慌症通常伴隨著其他條件，如抑鬱症或酗酒，以及可能產生恐懼症，它可以發展的地方或恐慌的情況下發生。例如，如果一個驚恐發作罷工，而你乘坐電梯，你可以開發一個恐懼的電梯，或許他們開始避免。

有些人的生活變得非常有限 - 他們避免正常，日常活動，如買菜，開車，或在某些情況下甚至離開房子。或者，他們可以面對一個可怕的情況，如果輔以只有配偶或其他信任的人。基本上，他們避免任何情況下，他們擔心會令他們感到無助，如果出現驚恐發作。當人們的生活變得如此限制的障礙，如發生在大約三分之一的所有人士，恐慌症，這種情況稱為 廣場恐怖症。恐慌症的傾向對運行在家庭和廣場恐怖症。然而，早期治療恐慌症通常可以阻止進展為廣場恐怖症。

驚恐障礙的具體症狀：

一個人的經驗與恐慌症復發意外 恐慌 和 至少有一人襲擊之後已經 1個月（或以上）的一個或多個以下：

  • 持久性有更多的襲擊事件表示關注
  • 擔心影響其作為攻擊或後果（如失去控制，心髒病發作，“瘋狂”）
  • 一個重大變化，有關的攻擊行為

廣場恐怖症 也可能存在，但不是必需的，以便診斷恐慌症。襲擊的恐慌可能不會是由於直接的生理影響使用或濫用某種物質（酒精，藥物，藥物）或一般的醫療條件（例如，甲狀腺功能亢進）。

恐慌的暴力事件並沒有更好的比重由另一心理障礙，如 社交恐懼症 （例如，發生在暴露於害怕社交場合）， 特定恐懼症 （例如，在接觸到特定的恐懼的情況）， 強迫症 （例如，暴露於灰塵中有人沉迷與污染）， 創傷後應激障礙 （例如，為響應刺激與一個嚴重的壓力），或分離焦慮症（例如，為響應正在遠離家鄉或近親）。

一般治療恐慌症  
arrow
arrow
    全站熱搜

    道生 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

    E-mail轉寄